It produces heat, leading to the heating of the air column between the two layers of cloud.In little time, a huge current, of the order of 105 to 106 amperes, starts to flow between the layers.The electrical potential difference between the two layers is huge, of the order of 109 or 1010 volts.The process results in a situation in which the top layer of the cloud gets positively charged (cations) while the middle layer is negatively (anions) charged.
#THUNDERPACK MOTION FX FREE#
The moving free electrons cause more collisions and more electrons, as a chain reaction ensues. has more number of electrons than protons ). Anion: An anion is an atom or molecule which is negatively charged, i.e. has more number of protons than electrons. Cation: A cation is an atom or a molecule which is positively charged, i.e. There are two types of ions based on charge – cation and anion. The resulting collisions trigger the release of electrons, in a process very similar to the generation of electric sparks (this is called as ionization – an electron in the outer shell is pealed out of the atom and the atom become an ion. This leads to a system where smaller ice crystals move up while bigger crystals come down. 
As they continue to move up, they gather mass - until they are so heavy that they start to fall. As they move beyond zero degrees, water droplets change into small ice crystals. The heat (latent heat of condensation) generated in the process pushes the water molecules further up. As water vapour moves upward in the cumulonimbus cloud, decreasing temperatures causes it to condense. Most large and violent tornadoes come from super-cells. 
A super-cell is a long-lived (greater than 1 hour) and highly organized storm feeding off an updraft (a rising current of air) that is tilted and rotating. Multi-cell storms may produce hail, strong winds, brief tornadoes, and/or flooding. Individual cells usually last 30 to 60 minutes, while the system as a whole may last for many hours. A multi-cell storm is a thunderstorm in which new updrafts form along the leading edge of rain-cooled air (the gust front). In Kerala they are called ‘Mango Showers’ and in Karnataka ‘Blossom showers’). Single-cell storms may produce brief heavy rain and lightning (Very common in India during summers, mostly April, May. They are typically driven by heating on a summer afternoon. Single-cell thunderstorms are small, brief, weak storms that grow and die within an hour or so. Thunderstorms occurring along cold fronts. Orographic ‘Cloud bursts’ are common in Jammu and Kashmir, Cherrapunji and Mawsynram. Forceful upliftment of warm moist air parcel when it passes over a mountain barrier creates cumulonimbus cloud causing heavy precipitation on the windward side. Caused due to intense heating of ground during summer. Isolated Thunderstorms, Multiple-Cell Thunderstorms, Supercell thunderstorms. Convectional, Frontal, Orographic Thunderstorms. They are seriously hazardous to aircrafts, especially during takeoffs and landings. A microburst is smaller in dimension but produces winds as high as 75 metres per second, or 270 km per hour. Macroburst is more than 4 km in diameter and can produce winds as high as 60 metres per second, or 215 km per hour. Downdrafts are referred to as macrobursts or microbursts. In extreme circumstances, a supercell storm may move 65 to 80 km (about 40 to 50 miles) per hour. The speed of isolated storms is typically about 20 km (12 miles) per hour, but some storms move much faster. Motion is primarily due to interactions of its updrafts and downdrafts. In a matter of few minutes, the storm dissipates and clear weather starts to prevail. When the clouds extend to heights where sub-zero temperature prevails, hails are formed and they come down as hailstorm. The updraft and downdraft determine the path of the thunderstorm. This wind is due to the intense downdraft. The incoming of thunderstorm is indicated by violent gust of wind. Later, downdraft brings down to earth the cool air and rain. 
Characterized by intense updraft of rising warm air, which causes the clouds to grow bigger and rise to greater height.Intense convection of moist hot air builds up a towering cumulonimbus cloud.Air from the surroundings start to rush in to fill the low pressure.A low pressure starts to establish due to intense upliftment of an air parcel (convention).Ground is significantly heated due to solar insolation.
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